How can effective basic healthcare be delivered universally and affordably?

Evidence(6)

1. 

   iris.who.int

   [1]

   Date unavailable

   Summary

   WHO/UNICEF frame primary health care as three linked components: integrated health services, multisectoral action, and empowered people and communities. The framework offers four strategic and ten operational levers, spanning leadership, governance, financing, community engagement, care models, workforce, infrastructure, medicines, purchasing, digital tools, quality, research, and monitoring.

   1

   Bearing

   Universal affordability requires more than an open clinic. The framework links public funding to staff, facilities, medicines, referral, purchasing, quality, and data. It also treats community participation and action beyond health as operating conditions. Its practical contribution is sequencing reforms by need, capacity, governance, and resources. Its limitation is important: it organizes choices but does not establish one package or causal pathway.

   See how this bears on the question
2. 

   iris.who.int

   [2]

   Date unavailable

   Summary

   The manual presents eight practical steps: start reform, build a team, assess performance, diagnose causes, choose a package, analyze politics, implement, and evaluate resilience. Its Odisha assessment found catastrophic spending in 24% of households, mainly for medicines, alongside shortages, weak quality, and limited insurance coverage.

   See how this bears on the question
3. 

   PHC book

   [3]

   Date unavailable

   Summary

   The primer distinguishes primary health care from primary care. PHC joins integrated services, multisectoral action, and empowered communities; primary care supplies first contact, continuity, comprehensiveness, and coordination. Its implementation chapters cover governance, workforce, financing, medicines, infrastructure, digital systems, and impacts on quality, efficiency, equity, access, financial protection, and resilience.

   See how this bears on the question
4. 

   The Lancet Global Health Commission on financing primary health care: putting people at the centre - PMC

   [4]

   Date unavailable

   Summary

   The Commission finds PHC in LMICs underfunded, fragmented, and reliant on out-of-pocket payments. It recommends progressive public revenue, pooled funds with free-at-use care, equitable allocations protected to frontline providers, and blended capitation-centered payments. It adds whole-of-government action, political-economy analysis, better expenditure data, and research.

   See how this bears on the question
5. 

   Universal Health Coverage and Essential Packages of Care - Disease Control Priorities: Improving Health and Reducing Poverty - NCBI Bookshelf

   [5]

   Date unavailable

   Summary

   The chapter defines UHC across population coverage, prepayment, and included services. It proposes progressive universalism and an illustrative 218-intervention Essential UHC package, with 97 interventions in a highest-priority package. Modeled full-coverage costs for HPP/EUHC are US$42/76 per person in low-income countries and US$58/110 in lower-middle-income countries.

   See how this bears on the question
6. 

   www.annualreviews.org

   [6]

   Date unavailable

   Summary

   Comparing 12 LMICs, the review explains UHC variation through financing, organization, and governance. Stronger performance is associated with unified risk pools, strategic purchasing, integrated PHC delivery, workforce and infrastructure investment, accountable public-private roles, and community-engaged governance. It assesses service coverage, financial-risk protection, and equity, while noting sparse equity data.

   See how this bears on the question